Agent-based modeling and simulation of a smart grid: A case study of communication effects on frequency control

A smart grid is the next generation power grid focused on providing increased reliability and efficiency in the wake of integration of volatile distributed energy resources. For the development of the smart grid, the modeling and simulation infrastructure is an important concern. This study presents an agentbased model for simulating different smart grid frequency control schemes, such as demand response. The model can be used for combined simulation of electrical, communication and control dynamics. The model structure is presented in detail, and the applicability of the model is evaluated with four distinct simulation case examples. The study confirms that an agent-based modeling and simulation approach is suitable for modeling frequency control in the smart grid. Additionally, the simulations indicate that demand response could be a viable alternative for providing primary control capabilities to the smart grid, even when faced with communication constraints. & 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.